Razia Sultana-the sultan of Dilli

Ruling Delhi as first independent Sovereign, Sham-suddin Iltutmish spread his territory far upto Bengal.To manage affairs of his ever growing Empire,he has placed his eldest and most capable son,Nasir-Uddin Mahmood as the Governor  of  Bengal.But the tragedy Struck,Nasir-uddin Mahmood ,whom he had groomed as his successor died in a battle.On his death Bed Sultan saw a bleak future with his other son,Rukmini Feroz,considered  as a natural hire to throne and affairs.He decided to do unthinkable, something which no other Emperor had done in those times.

MAHATMA GANDHI:: AN OVERVIEW OF GANDHIJI'S LIFE

Mahatma Gandhi, byname of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, (born October 2, 1869, Porbandar, India—died January 30, 1948, Delhi), Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India. As such, he came to be considered the father of his country. Gandhi is internationally esteemed for his doctrine of nonviolent protest (satyagraha) to achieve political and social progress.

Born and raised in a Hindu family in coastal Gujarat, western India, Gandhi trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, and was called to the bar at age 22 in June 1891. After two uncertain years in India, during which he was unable to start a successful law practice, he moved to South Africa in 1893 (to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit), where he stayed for 21 years. It was in South Africa that Gandhi raised a family and first employed nonviolent resistance in a campaign for civil rights. In 1915, aged 45, he returned to India. He set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, and above all for achieving Swaraj or self-rule

Gandhi was the youngest child of his father’s fourth wife. His father—Karamchand Gandhi, who was the dewan (chief minister) of Porbandar, the capital of a small principality in western India (in what is now Gujarat state) under British suzerainty—did not have much in the way of a formal education. He was, however, an able administrator who knew how to steer his way between the capricious princes, their long-suffering subjects, and the headstrong British political officers in power.

In 1894, he was incensed at the news that the Colony of Natal (a British colony that would become part of the country of South Africa) was proposing a new law that would prevent Indians from being able to vote. Gandhi, whose naturally meek nature had once made him question whether he could even carve out a career in law, went into overdrive, campaigning vigorously against the proposed legislation and helping to gather more than 10,000 signatures for a petition. Although the bill was passed, Gandhi’s campaign shone a light onto the grievances of the Indian population in South Africa, and he went on to help create the Natal Indian Congress that same year.

Interestingly, despite his burgeoning activism, Gandhi still felt a deep-seated loyalty for the Empire – a fact that led to him forming a stretcher-carrying service called the Natal Indian Ambulance Corps to aid British troops during the Second Boer War. Gandhi himself was awarded medals by the British for his brave work on the frontlines.

GANDHI AND HIS SALT MARCH:::

Gandhi returned to active politics in 1930 to protest Britain’s Salt Acts, which not only prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt—a dietary staple—but imposed a heavy tax that hit the country’s poorest particularly hard. Gandhi planned a new Satyagraha campaign, The Salt March, that entailed a 390-kilometer/240-mile march to the Arabian Sea, where he would collect salt in symbolic defiance of the government monopoly.

“My ambition is no less than to convert the British people through non-violence and thus make them see the wrong they have done to India,” he wrote days before the march to the British viceroy, Lord Irwin.

Wearing a homespun white shawl and sandals and carrying a walking stick, Gandhi set out from his religious retreat in Sabarmati on March 12, 1930, with a few dozen followers. By the time he arrived 24 days later in the coastal town of Dandi, the ranks of the marchers swelled, and Gandhi broke the law by making salt from evaporated seawater.

The Salt March sparked similar protests, and mass civil disobedience swept across India. Approximately 60,000 Indians were jailed for breaking the Salt Acts, including Gandhi, who was imprisoned in May 1930.Still, the protests against the Salt Acts elevated Gandhi into a transcendent figure around the world. He was named Time magazine’s “Man of the Year” for 1930.Gandhi was released from prison in January 1931, and two months later he made an agreement with Lord Irwin to end the Salt Satyagraha in exchange for concessions that included the release of thousands of political prisoners. The agreement, however, largely kept the Salt Acts intact. But it did give those who lived on the coasts the right to harvest salt from the sea. He was killed in year 1948 by Nathu Ram Ghodse who had put 3 bullets into his Chest. 

MAHATMA GANDHI

 

Delhi: The foundation of Dilli Sultanate

After near five centuries  long Rajput's rule over the expanse of Delhi was ended ,the city was ruled as part of Mohammad  Ghori's Sultanate.After Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in the second battle of Tarain, Mohammad Ghori's most successful general and one of his closest adviser's Qutbuddin Aibak was appointed as the Governor of Delhi,much like the practice of British in appointing the Viceroy's in India.

Qutbuddin Aibak

 That was also a major transformation  in the History of Delhi becoming a city of rulers from just a mere outpost of a kingdom.A Turkish slave Qutbuddin Aibak was specifically selected from Military training and combat tactics at a tender age by the state.He was chosen among those several campaign's to expand Ghori's empire.Defeating the mighty rulers of Ghaznavi  and stretching their territory from Kermanshah now in the west of present day Iran to Afghanistan in the North and to the parts of India in the East.Qutbuddin Aibak gradually rose to the rank of general and became one of the most trusted nobles of sultan Ghori.Qutbuddin Aibak also extended his power by matrimonial alliances,he married his daughter Razia to iltutmish,which has later on succeded Aibak.

<script async="async" data-cfasync="false" src="//pl15502293.passtechusa.com/ed536bcb0cf7792851285f4978cd3fb6/invoke.js"></script>
<div id="container-ed536bcb0cf7792851285f4978cd3fb6"></div>

 

Qutub Minar

Qutub Minar is,undoubtedly,  one of the most spectacular and historical site associated with Qutbuddin Aibak and his rule.The construction of this building began in 1200 A.D,eight years after his victorious battle of tarain.Aibak was not  long to see the Minar completed and he died a soft death,while playing polo he fell of his horse.The Minar was eventually completed in the year 1220 A.D. by his successor iltutmish.

tomb of Qutbudin Aibak

The five storey red sand stone minar now standing nearly 73 metres of 240 feet height and built on the pattern of ghazni,it remains one of the most spectacular buildings dating to medieval era.Qutub Minar rises like a flower and becomes more slanders as it rises from its apex.
 
 The minar has also stood by the test of time and elements.lightning has damaged the topmost storey of minar in the year 1368 century which was rebuilt by Firozshah Tuglaq.In the year 1505,it suffered another Joult ,this time it was a earthquake.on September 1,1803 another major earthquake caused a serious damage.25 years later British army officer Major Robert  Smith renovated the tower and  installed a dome over the fifth storey but the dome was taken down in the year 1848 under the instructions of Harding which was then the Governor general of India.It was reinstalled at ground level to the East of Qutub Minar,it stills remains there known as "Smith's folly".

smith's folly

Neighboring  Qutub Minar Mehroli emerged as the chief city of his dream and effective capital as he ruled from "kasbe-safed".Lying between Aravali and Kila Ria Pithora Mehroli is a Busy settlement even today.
After Qutbuddin Aibak's demise in the year 1211 his general iltutmish,described as an able administrator ,was the first sovereign to have exercised independent power in the city of Delhi.Under his patronage,cultural life of Delhi grew and flourished.The city became the seat of a pwerful creative government giving way and patronage to the development of the Indo-Islamic architecture.

shamsuddin iltutmish

coins issued by Qutbuddin Aibak

Another Important remnant of the iltutmish's era is Sulttan ghadi tomb,the first Muslim musoloem in India after the death of his eldest  son Prince Nasirrudin Mahmood,lying in the ruins and jungles of the Vasantkunj in southwestern Delhi,the tomb is visited by few and far between.After ruling Delhi for more than 25 years,iltutmish died in the year 1236.

Tomb of Iltutmish

NetaJI Subhas Chandra Bose's contribution in India's Freedom's struggle

source-Internet
Netaji was one of the beloved national hero and an icon of India's Freedom struggle.Netaji played a very important role in Freedom struggle.He also inspired thousands to join  Freedom movement against the Britishers.Netaji has also served as the president of Indian National congress. However, following his frictions with Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress high command,he resigned from his post.In 1942,he earned the title 'Netaji',in Germany by the Indian Soldiers of the Azad Hind Fauz and by the German and Indian officials in the special Bureau for India in Berlin.With slogans like Dilli chalo.....tum mujhe khoon do main tumhe azadi dunga......Netaji made a place in the heart of Indians.

subhas bose with azad hind fauz source-internet

 Netaji was one of the iconic and influential  Freedom fighter of India.On 23rd January 1897,Janakinath Bose wrote in his diary "A son was Born at midday".

source-internet

EARLY LIFE-
Netaji was born in Odisha's Cuttack   city on 23rd January 1897 which was then the part of Bengal province.His mother's name  was Prabhavati and father was Janakinath Bose,a renowned lawyer.Bose was the 9th child among 14 siblings.Raised in a well to do family he started in the Raveshaw collegiate school and completed his higher studies from the presidency college and scottish church college.From early age ,Bose has started showing the signs of a national leader.In 1916 Bose was expelled from Presidency college for nationalistic activities.after graduation in 1919 from the Scottish church college,Bose was sent to University of Cambridge in  England  to prepare for the Indian Civil services,a mameth task for the Indians at that time.In 1920 Subhas Chandra Bose had passed the Indian civil services exam attaining the forth position.However as the freedom movement  gathered steam in India ,he resigned from his position in April 1921,hurried back to India and Joined the Indian National Congress.

<script async src='//www.responserver.com/a96aab0a1cd6e6bf2fad828c84fd665d/invoke.js'></script>

His unflinching Patriotism and fearlessness made him an icon of India's Freedom struggle.Bose was deeply influenced by Swami Vivekananda's teachings.Bose was that voice against the British rule which gave a new edge to the national movement.Having quit his job in London he returned to India and jumped Head-on into India's Freedom struggle.Netaji was made editor of the anti-British newspaper FORWARD by it's founder Deshbandhu Chitrananjan Dass,as editor Netaji was vocal about his feelings against British rule , railing people against the English.He even spent 6 months in Jail for his anti-British writings.while working for the swaraj party with Chitranjan Dass and even after quiting the party   Netaji had many stints in prison.In 1928 wearing a military uniform Netaji lead 2000 youths in a march against the British rule in Calcutta joulting the administration.A decade later he was made president of the Congress party in the party's Haripura convention.Netaji gave a call for freedom and asked the party to decide upon a date to achieve it.He also said that if the dream was not realised by the set date,he wanted to lead the party in a violent protest against the British but Mahatma Gandhi did not agree to the plan,leading a disappointed Netaji to break away Congress and establish the forward bloc in 1939,opening a new front against the Britishers.The revolutionary Rash Behari Bose prompted Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose to mobilise foreign help for the Indian freedom struggle.Dodging the police in Calcutta Netaji reached Germany via Kabul.There he met Adolf Hitler who promised to provide all possible help to Netaji to weaken British rule.

netaji with hitler

Netaji believed that it was possible to defeat the British in india only if they were attacked while they were also busy fighting the World war. For that he made a liberation army by liberating Indian prisoners of war that were imprisoned in Italy and Germany.but Hitler did not support netaji in his plans and he was disappointed.Therefore he decided to move to Japan.In the year 1943 ,when Netaji reached Japan he was given the responsiblity of leading the Azad Hind Fauz established by Captain Mohan Singh.A year Later,in Feb 1944 Azad Hind  Fauz attacked the British Army.Several Indian Territories including Palel and Tihind were freed from control of British army.Later that  year while giving a motivational speech to the Azad Hind Fauz Netaji gave now famous  warcry ....give me blood and i will give you freedom.....

rash behari bose

NETAJI: LIFE AND TIMES

• 1921:joined the Non cooperation movement started by Mahatma Gandhi
• started newspaper 'Swaraj' and took the charge of publicity for Bengal Provincial Committee.
• 1923:Elected the President of All India Youth Congress
  
  
  • 1925:Arrested and sent to prison in Mandalay
  • 1927:General secretary of Congress.

• 1938:Elected as President of Indian  national Congress
• 22nd June 1939: Founded All India Forward Bloc
• Feb 1943:Arrived in Japan,formed a trained army of 40000 troops named as Azad Hind Fauz with Japanese support
• Oct.21,1943:Proclaimed the establishment of Provisional Independent Indian Government 
• Mar 18,1944:Indian National army reached India with Japanese Troops
• Indian  tricolour raised for the first time in Moirang in Manipur
• july 6,1944:Addressed Mahatma Gandhi as "Father of Nation"for the first time in a speech broadcasted by Azad Hind Radio in Singapore
  
• After several Months of struggle Japanese forces forced to retreat. Azad Hind Fauz tried to continue the fight in Barma(now Myanmar)and then Indo-China for some time

On 18th August 1945 ,just a few Days later after Japan announced surrender, Bose Reportedly died in a Japnese Hospital in Taiwan due to Burn injuries as  a plane crash.However many believed that he had survived the plane crash and his death still remains a mystery even today.
India will always remain grateful to Subhas Chandra Bose for his bravery and his contribution to the freedom struggle.

link to my other blogs-:

tushargauamblogsss.blogspot.com/2020/05/delhi-foundation-of-dilli-sultanate.html

tushargauamblogsss.blogspot.com/2020/04/delhi-from-pre-history-to-chauhans-era.html

Delhi-From pre-history to chauhan's era

Delhi,seat of power of modern India,standing firm and magnanimous  on Raisina hills,is the amalgam of complex and diverse country.Delhi has seen rapid modernization in last 7 decades after independence.The first remains of humanity in a civilised form could be traced back from 3 thousand year ago in the form of pottery and dishware in Bhorgarh ,Mandoli, Kharkhari Nagar and Nachauli provides us the destinant of life in historic Delhi The story begans to shape in a narrative and becomes little clear marginally 1600 years ahead.

The historic Iron pillar in Mehroli ,dated to 4th century A.D this iconic pillar bears an encryption in the form of Brahmi Script of Ashokan times.although these encryption do not bear any date or the name of the king in it but it gives a clear indication of a great ruler who had ruled from Bengal to Punjab during the 4th century A.D.Historians have identified that Chandragupta-II,who ruled a large part of Indian subcontinent in the 4th century A.D.Few centuries later,A king of Tomar clan ,Anant pal gave a name to this slant on basis of this pillar.
after Tomar's who had ruled in the 7th century,chauhan's took over and after them Turks invaded it and set up their kingdom.

writing in the 14th century legendry AMIR KHUSRO described the rein of Anant pal Tomar,first king of Delhi who ruled this land around 7th century A.D.Anant pal Tomar has set up his capital in southern part of modern Delhi and it's outskirts.In anantpur village in Faridabad ,one could find faint remains of Anantpal Tomar's rein in Delhi.He had built one of the first water reserviors in Delhi.later on Tomar's were replaced by Chauhan's another rajput clan ,who had came there from Ajmer.In the year ,one of the successor of chauhan's .Prithviraj,also known as Ria pithora ,in the year 1180 he enlarged the area of Lalkot and build a fort on it,known as kila ria pithora.The traces of this fort could be found near Malviya Nagar. Ria pithora had build this fort because at that time Turks were posing a danger to them.so they wanted to strengthened themselves.

For it's rulers Delhi was an important frontier ,a frontier with it's economic importance and also a strategic junction to keep Raiders away from the capital of Chauhan's i.e Ajmer. In the year 1191  Prithviraj chauhan had defeated sultan Mohommed Ghori,raider from Afganistan and Ghori was captured.but he was released by prithvi raj on taking his Bathinda fort back.and after ten  years later this regrouped Ghori had defeated the chauhan's.this battle had ended the chauhan's dynasty and the rule of Rajput's in Delhi.